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List of Families

Agavaceae

This is a family of plants that is usually woody with succulent or grass shaped leaves on upright growing stems. These leaves are perennial, and they have parallel veins. Also, they usually produce many small, tubular flowers with their floral parts in three's but with six stamens. The ovary is below the basal attachment of other floral organs. This family is almost completely terrestrial with just a few epiphytes.

Sansevieria.

Mostly a terrestrial genus, but some species of Sansevieria from east Africa are totally epiphytic. Many are awaiting description, and naming, the one below, hopefully the first of many.

Sansevieria grandis

The large, broad, and ovate leaves are deep green with reddish margins. These leaves form a spreading rosette with many thick rhizomes at the base. The inflorescence is a dense raceme of small, white flowers followed by greenish berries, later turning black.

This attractive plant is easy to grow as a pot plant, on a tree or on an epi-log. Keep in a warm, moist atmosphere, and use a half strength liquid feed occasionally. Propagation is usually by division in spring, and summer. Although attractive, it is grown mainly as a collector’s item rather than a plant of great beauty.

These plants belong to east Africa, and are native to Somalia. They grow in semi-arid areas, which monsoon winds dominate. These winds bring a rainy season from March to May. Later, they get a dry season from September to December. The average annual rainfall is only 279 millimetres (11-inches).


Amaryllidaceae.

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This family differs from other families by having a solitary flower on a leafless peduncle, usually arising from a basal rosette. Also, the ovary is inferior, perianth is conspicuous, and the floral parts are in threes, although the stamens are six in number, (3; 3; 6; 3).

Clivia

Clivia is a genus with four species of evergreen perennials. Each with thick, strap-like, deep green leaves growing from a short rhizome. Also, the roots are thick, and the flowering stems are slightly flattened. At the top of the stems are the blooms borne in dense umbels. Each of these flowers is funnel-shaped to trumpet-shaped, with six tepals that have red to orange, sometimes green-tipped petals. Sometimes, the flowers are followed by deep red, berry-like fruit,

This genus originates in South African.

Clivia caulescens

Floppy leaves on this species occasionally reach as much as 180-centimetres (72-inches) in length. Further, the bases of the leaves are sheathed, and form a basal neck to the flower shoot. From the centre rises the flowering stem that can reach 45-centimetres (18-inches) in height. This is topped by an umbel of pale red flowers with green tips, and yellow protruding stamens. Each bloom is 38-centimetres (11/2-inches) long, narrowly funnel-shaped, and downward curving.

Moreover, these plants will grow outdoors in a mild, frost-free environment, indoors as a house-plant or in a heated greenhouse or conservatory if room can be provided. Again, a shaded or partly shaded position is advisable, and use a well drained, open potting mixture. Moreover, it should be kept fairly dry in winter, and increase watering as the weather warms up in spring, and summer. This species is surface rooted, and is slow to recover from root disturbance. Propagation is by division of the rhizomes after flowering.

In its natural home of South Africa, it grows as a forest epiphyte or a terrestrial. This is a mild, temperate climate that is under the influence of the easterly trade winds which blow from over the Indian Ocean. As a result, the annual precipitation is about 890-millimetres (35-inches).

Araceae.

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Genera in this family are: Anthurium, Philodendron, and Pothos.

A large family of mostly shade loving plants. Many species are used as house plants. They include ground covers, climbers, and occasionally very large, ornamental garden plants. Although most are grown for their foliage, some have spectacular flowers such as the Anthurium species listed below. The family can be recognised by their floral parts, which have a spathe, (a single, large, and frequently a colourful bract) protecting a spadix, (A floral spike). Perianth inconspicuous or absent. People sometimes give it the common name of a lily, which is malapropos as lilies come from the family Liliaceae that has a parallel vein structure in the leaves. All members of the Araceae family have a net vein system in their leaves. In this book, the ones listed are true epiphytes in their natural habitat.

The species below, should always be kept moist, and in good light. If planted into a pot, the potting mixture should be very open. These plants need shade, but good light enhances their colour.

Anthurium.

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The highly exotic looking, ornamental plants known as Tail Flowers or Anthuriums have a few members that are true epiphytes, living on the lower levels on trees. Those that are epiphytic have two different types of root systems. First type is an adhesive kind that clings to the host tree branch or trunk, firmly holding the plant in place. The capture of debris provides a constant supply of food, and moisture between their roots, and leaves. Growing upwards into this decomposing leaf litter is the second types of roots. These are short feeding ones. These plants differ from the bromeliads in that they do not hold water in a vase. The catchment area, holding the debris is more like a compost heap.

They are grown for their foliage, and the exotic looking flowers, as they last for weeks when cut. A moist, and shady atmosphere is preferred by this genus. They thrive in such porous potting mixes as coarse sand, sphagnum moss, peat moss, fibre, and charcoal. In spring, and summer we can keep this potting mixture moist, and a little drier as the weather cools. Also, we can use a dilute liquid fertiliser in the spring to promote good growth. Growing on epi-logs, and in baskets, eventually, most Anthuriums become large, tall, and bushy, usually forming a high, canopy-like layer. These can look very attractive with plants that flow over the side of the container, and hang down below the Anthurium.

These plants grow on trees in areas of lowland, and montane tropical rainforests. Moreover, they straddle the equator from Central America to the southwest of Colombia.

Anthurium andraeanum

Tailflower, Flamingo Lily, Oilcloth Flower.

We can recognise this beautiful plant by the slender, heart shaped foliage that is green, and leathery. The long lasting inflorescence is a long stalk ending in a showy, lacquered red spathe with a quilt-like pattern on the surface. From the centre of the spathe is a pendulous white spadix, tipped with yellow, blooming at random throughout the year. Although reds are their natural colour, some cultivars, not mentioned below, have been produced with blooms of pink or green marbled with red.

In cool areas, we can grow this plant better as a greenhouse plant, since it must have warmth, not less than 15o Celsius (59o Fahrenheit) in winter. Preferably keep the temperature above 21o Celsius (70o Fahrenheit) for the best growth. Grow in very porous compost, and water regularly. Also, spray the leaves often as it needs constant high humidity. A shady position would be appreciated by this species.

They are found growing on tree branches in rainforests, exposed to almost continuous rains, and mists. These montane dwellers grow from 1,000 to 1,800-metres (3,300 to 5,900-feet) above sea level, in southwest Colombia.

Variety album is a colour variant derived from the species above. The inflorescence having a very attractive, heart shaped, white spathe that is waxy, and quilted. The spadix is also white at the base moving to a purplish-rose centre area, then to a yellow tip.

Variety rhodochlorum is a more vigorous variety with a giant, heart shaped spathe that is salmon red, and 20-centimetres (8-inches) long.

Anthurium gladifolium

This short stemmed species has attractively long, thick, strap-like, and leathery leaves. In addition, the stems hang downwards, growing to about 150-centimetres (59-inches) long. As a result, they form beautiful foliage plants. Of coarse, they are not grown for their inflorescences, as the spathe is small, and the spadix is large.

This species of plant grows in the montane rainforests of Venezuela, and Brazil. In its natural habitat it is always found growing as an epiphyte.

Anthurium salviniae

Anthurium salviniae is a giant aroid that grows into a rosette of leaves. Moreover, these leaves act as a catchment area for debris such as leaf litter, dead insects, and anything else that falls its way. Also, the leaves are used to funnel rain, and dew to the root system.

In a private collection this plant can be grown as a beautiful foliage plant if the centre is kept clean. It must have a warm, and constantly moist atmosphere to encourage flowering. Plenty of leaf mould in the potting mixture will help to keep it moist, and open.

This epiphyte grows in the tropical rainforests of the Americas.

Anthurium scherzerianum

Flamingo Flower, Pigtail Plant.

This species has a rosette of lanceolate leaves reaching to 20-centimetres (8-inches) long. Also, these leaves are held aloft on long leaf stalks. The inflorescences have oval, and glossy, brilliant scarlet spathes hanging down like aprons. In addition, each is topped by a twisting, orange spadix. Some cultivars vary from very dark red to pink, and to white, sometimes with paler spots. Blooms occur from late winter to summer, and occasionally out of its normal season.

Because of its natural climate, we can water this plant well during the growing period but allow it to dry out before the next soaking. Watering should be reduced as the cool weather sets in, give only occasionally in winter. Although it is tolerant of more cold than other species, it must be protected from frost.

This epiphyte grows in the shady, lower levels of rainforest trees. They are native to an area from Guatemala to Costa Rica. In this area, were the climate is mostly equable, the days are warm and the nights cool, and the rainy season usually occurs between May and October.

Philodendron.

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These epiphytes of the genus Philodendron are mostly large, upright to spreading plants with attractive foliage. In the wild they usually cling to tree trunks with their adventitious roots growing from the leaf joints.

As the natural habitat of this genus is in the South American rainforests, these tropical foliage plants enjoy a warm, moist atmosphere with light shade throughout the year. They are frost tender. Therefor, they need a heated greenhouse in cold climates. If we grow this genus in plant pots, the potting mixture must be well-drained. Good drainage allows plenty of fresh air to move around the roots. When planted in a hanging container, some types of Philodendron will cascade over the side, forming the lowest canopy of the hanging container. Others in this group form the centre area in the display as they are short, stocky, and more upright. Still other types have the habit of climbing, and will climb up the supporting chains. So, the choice of plant will influence the position it will be given.

Philodendron cannaefolium

Flask Philodendron.

Very succulent, short growing stems are typical on this species. From these stems grow leathery, and lanceolate leaves that have red margins, and a channelled leaf stalk. Furthermore, their inflorescence is a creamy-white spathe with a yellow spadix.

Flask Philodendrons grow on trees in tropical rainforests. In fact, they are endemic to Brazil, and Guyana. This region has an annual rainfall of about 152-millimetres (60-inches) occuring mostly from April to September.

Syn. Philodendron rudgeanum.

Philodendron fragrantissimum

These plants have large, arrow-shaped leaves with many depressed veins. Also, the inflorescence has a purplish-white spathe, and an elusive perfume.

Growing on trees in tropical rainforests, this rare species looks beautiful. It is indigenous to the tropical areas of eastern Venezuela, and Guyana. The annual rainfall in this area is about 1525 to 2030-millimetres, mostly from April to August.

Philodendron laciniosum

Philodendron laciniosum has weak stems that grow approximately 1-metre (40-inches) long. From these stems, large, glossy green leaves arise. Each has three to five lobes, and a pronounced midrib. Further, the flowers are white, and brown.

This is a frost, and drought tender species. We should give this climbing epiphyte a heated, moist greenhouse if we live in a cold climate.

They can be found growing on trees in tropical rainforests. It has been discovered growing in northern Brazil, and Guyana., sharing the same climate as Philodendron cannaefolium.

Philodendron teretipes

Leaves of this species are elongated, sword-shaped, and glossy green with red margins, and many prominent veins. Stems of Philodendron teretipes cling tightly to their host plant with aerial roots that emerge from the leaf joints.

Being drought, and frost sensitive, it should be grown in a heated greenhouse when grown in a cold climate. Alternatively, we can grow it indoors if we provide adequate light.

Plants of this species are indigenous to the tropical rainforests of Colombia. In fact, it grows as an epiphyte where it can receive good light. The average annual temperature ranges from 23.9° to 26.7°Celsius (75° to 80° Fahrenheit), depending on the height above sea-level. Also, throughout the year 3-month periods of rain and dry weather alternate.

Philodendron wendlandii

Birds Nest Philodendron

Birds Nest Philodendron is a magnificent plant that forms a large rosette of very attractive, deep green leaves from a slow growing, upright rhizome or trunk. The waxy leaves are very leathery, and have a very stout midrib especially at the base. This stout midrib helps to hold the leaves in a shuttlecock like arrangement that catches falling leaves, and water. The leaf can attain a length of 1-metre (40-inches) in its natural habitat, but often much larger when grown by collectors in an improved environment.

For superior growth, provide a moist, warm position in light shade. Preferably, grow this species in a well-drained soil that has plenty of humus.

Often, this plant is found high up in trees, it can be seen growing in dappled sunlight. Also, its natural home is from Nicaragua to Panama. In this area, the average annual temperatures are 31.7° Celsius (89° Fahrenheit). The Birds Nest Philodendron enjoys a rainy season that lasts from April or May to December. Moreover, the yearly average precipitation is over 2540-millimetres (100-inches)

Philodendron wittianum

A creeping epiphyte with ovate leaves, similar in shape to bananas, and about 51-centimetres (20-inches) in length. The inflorescence has a pale green spathe, and a cream spadix.

Found growing in the tropical Amazon rainforests, north of Manaus, Brazil. This area is always hot, with an average between 26.7° and 32.2° Celsius (80° to 90° Fahrenheit), with little seasonal variation. Precipitation is heavy, averaging about 2030-millimetres (80-inches).

Pothos.

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Plants of the genus Pothos are invariably climbers. So, they need something in their container to climb on. Usually they are fast growing, and can overtake most plants with which they share a container. Planting them on their own is usually the safest way. When they climb to the top of the basket chain, unwind it, and let it hang below the container. These plants soon climb back up to the top, forming a very dense, and large plant.

Pothos longipes

This vine like epiphyte has stems that are slender, and branching, often climbing up to 4-metres (13-feet). The leaves are thick, lanceolate, and variegated, with pinched in waists. Flowers are small, and insignificant. The fruit is bright red when ripe, and grows in bunches like grapes.

Being tropical, this shade loving, drought, and frost tender plant needs a heated greenhouse when grown in a cold climate. If grown in a container the soil should be well-drained, and kept just moist. Although attractive, the fruit is poisonous unless treated. Australian Aboriginals cook them in the ashes of their fire. This makes them good to eat but if we do not cook them we will become ill.

Queensland, Australia is the home of this plant. Pothos can often be found covering entire tree trunks in the rainforests. In this area, There is only two seasons: a hot, wet season with rains falling in the summer months of February and March, and a warm, dryer season for the rest of the year. The average annual rainfall exceeds 2540-millimetres (100-inches).
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